During its early years as an independent nation, Nigeria faced several significant challenges that shaped its political, social, and economic landscape. Some of the major challenges include:

1. Political Instability: Nigeria experienced a series of military coups and unstable civilian governments in the years following independence. Power struggles among different ethnic and regional groups often led to political unrest and instability, hindering the country's progress.

2. Ethnic and Religious Tensions: Nigeria is a diverse country with over 250 ethnic groups and a roughly equal division between Christianity and Islam. Managing the diverse interests and aspirations of these groups proved challenging, leading to ethnic and religious tensions that sometimes resulted in violence and conflicts.

3. Economic Development: Nigeria faced the task of transitioning from a colonial economy that was largely dependent on agriculture and raw material exports to a modern, diversified economy. Building infrastructure, developing industries, and reducing poverty were crucial goals, but progress was hampered by corruption, mismanagement, and a lack of effective economic policies.

4. Post-Colonial Legacy: The legacy of colonial rule and the divide-and-rule policies employed by the British had a lasting impact on Nigeria. Unequal distribution of resources, disparities in education and infrastructure, and a sense of marginalization among certain regions contributed to a feeling of discontent and further fueled ethnic tensions.

5. Civil War and Secessionist Movements: The declaration of independence by the southeastern region as the Republic of Biafra in 1967 led to a brutal civil war that lasted until 1970. The conflict resulted in widespread devastation, loss of life, and economic disruption, leaving scars on the country's social fabric.

6. Economic Inequality: Nigeria's vast oil wealth, discovered in the late 1950s, brought significant economic opportunities but also exacerbated inequality. The concentration of wealth in the hands of a few, coupled with widespread poverty and lack of social services, contributed to social unrest and grievances.

7. Governance and Corruption: Corruption has long been a pervasive issue in Nigeria, affecting various sectors and hindering development efforts. The misappropriation of public funds, embezzlement, and lack of accountability in governance institutions have undermined public trust and hindered effective governance.

Addressing these challenges has been an ongoing process for Nigeria, and while progress has been made in some areas, they continue to shape the nation's trajectory and present ongoing obstacles to its development.